SWISS DRIVE SYSTEMS
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Industries / Robotics

Robotics .

Industrial robotics imposes three conflicting requirements on the drive: high power density (dense torque at minimum rotor mass and stator footprint), millisecond torque response within the servo loop, and positioning accuracy of ±0.02–0.1 mm after the gearbox. On top of this come strict functional safety requirements (ISO 10218-1, STO/SS1/SS2 categories), integration with real-time fieldbuses (EtherCAT, Profinet IRT), and stator heat dissipation under the high cycle dynamics of pick-and-place operations.

Industrial 6-axis robot in a production cell
Key figures
295,000 units
industrial robots installed in China in 2024 — 54 % of global demand; every axis of such a manipulator carries a servo motor, a precision reducer and a holding brake
60.8 %
domestic share of the Chinese robot RV-reducer market by volume in 2024 (41.6 % in 2022) — localization of the manipulator's key drive component
≤ 20 arcsec
backlash of a harmonic reducer in a robot joint at ratios 30–160 — an order of magnitude tighter than the planetary gearboxes of the cell periphery (3–8 arcmin)
27.6 %
Inovance share of the Chinese servo-drive market — the most visible localization breakthrough among the three core robot components (servo, reducer, controller)

Context & trends

Precision reducers account for 35 % of robot unit cost, servo motors ~20 %, controllers ~15 % (Tianxia Gongchang, 2026). These three components decide whether Chinese OEMs close the gross-margin gap with Japanese brands. For RV reducers, domestic share by volume has already reached 60.8 % (GGII, 2024) — Nabtesco's China share fell from 54.8 % in 2020 to ~30 % by 2024; for harmonic reducers volume localization passed 80 %, led by Leaderdrive (绿的谐波).

The manipulator's own joint reducer (harmonic or cycloidal RV) is supplied by the robot maker and sits outside our portfolio. The entire cell periphery, however, is built on servo motors, gear motors, brakes and couplings: feed conveyors, indexing tables, rack-and-pinion gantry axes, AGV/AMR platforms. The servo drives here carry integrated STO/SS1/SS2 safety functions per IEC 61800-5-2 and run EtherCAT at a 125 µs cycle; cell integration follows ISO 10218-1 (Cat 0/1 stops).

Typical tasks
01

Servo motors and torque motors

The heart of an industrial robot is a brushless permanent-magnet synchronous servo motor (PMSM) with a built-in 17–23 bit absolute encoder per revolution. The motor characteristics directly drive the rated payload, no-load speed, repeatability and thermal headroom for long duty cycles. Key parameters are specific torque (N·m/kg), rotor inertia (low for dynamic response), peak overload (3–4× rated for 1–3 s), and back-EMF waveform (sinusoidal for accurate vector control).

Axis servo motors for industrial manipulators

Wolong WPM/WGM series — compact PMSM motors built specifically for robotics, with an integrated holding brake (fail-safe, engaged without power) and a 23-bit absolute encoder. The slim, elongated housing with an H-series flange reduces the diameter of the robot joint. The 0.05–7 kW range covers all six axes of manipulators with 5–500 kg payload.

  • 0.05–7 kW per axis, 0.16–47 N·m torque
  • 17–23 bit/rev absolute encoder (multi-turn with hot-swap battery)
  • Integrated electromagnetic brake with ≤ 30 ms engagement time
  • Peak torque 3–4× rated for 1–3 s
  • IP65 shaft sealing with Viton seal

Inovance IS620P and SV630P servo drives for robot controllers

Inovance is the only brand in our portfolio offering a full robotics stack: servo drive (IS620P, SV630P) plus motion controller, PLC and HMI. The SV630P supports EtherCAT with a 125 µs cycle, integrates STO/SS1/SS2 functions per IEC 61800-5-2 and auto-tunes the torque loop. It is used in manipulator control cabinets and in single-axis positioning systems.

  • EtherCAT CoE / CSP (cyclic synchronous position) support
  • Integrated STO, SS1, SS2 safety functions (SIL3 / PLe)
  • Torque loop response ≤ 1 ms
  • Auto-tuning of inertia and torque load
  • Protection: IGBT overheat, encoder fault, torque overload

INVT DA200 servo motors for linear and gantry axes

INVT DA200 — servo motors and drives for XYZ portals, linear modules and feed axes. They support EtherCAT, CANopen and Profinet and pair with INVT PLCs to build a multi-axis cell without a separate motion controller. Used in laser cutting gantries and assembly lines requiring 4–8 axis synchronization.

  • Multi-axis synchronization over fieldbus (EtherCAT/Profinet)
  • Compatible with rack-and-pinion and ball-screw drives
  • Integrated regenerative module or external braking resistor
  • Direct torque/speed/position control modes
  • Single-micron positioning accuracy with 23-bit encoder

Traction and steering servo motors for AGV/AMR platforms

Mobile in-plant logistics platforms (AGV/AMR with 100–1500 kg payload) use low-voltage 24–80 V DC servo drives connected directly to a LiFePO4 battery. Each driven wheel is an independent servo with an integrated gearbox (drive wheel unit) or an external planetary gearbox. Wolong WPM-LV and Inovance IS810N serve as traction and steering drives.

  • 24–80 V DC battery supply (low-voltage series)
  • Regenerative braking with energy return to the battery
  • IP65 protection against shop-floor dust and coolant splashes
  • Dense low-speed torque for starting and maneuvering
  • Encoder resolution sufficient for odometry (≥ 4096 ppr)

Auxiliary motors for the cell

Besides the robot itself, a robotic cell runs feed and discharge conveyors, indexing tables, transfer units, clamps and unloading systems. This is the natural domain of general-purpose Huali Y2/Y3/YE3 motors (0.18–22 kW) and compact IE3/IE4 motors integrated into Boneng K/HB gear motors.

  • IE3 or IE4 efficiency class (per customer specification)
  • VFD-rated insulation (Class F)
  • IP55 minimum for shop-floor service
  • Flange-mount execution for gear motor integration
  • PTC or Pt100 thermal protection
02

Gearboxes and gear motors for cell peripherals

The manipulator itself uses specialized precision gearboxes (harmonic, cycloidal RV), which are outside our portfolio and supplied by the robot manufacturer. Everything around it — feed conveyors, indexing tables, rack-and-pinion gantry axes, AGV platforms and discharge lines — is the domain of industrial gear motors with a servo flange for direct servo motor mounting.

Precision planetary gear motors for gantry axes

X-Y-Z portals and single-axis linear modules use low-backlash planetary gearboxes (≤ 3–8 arcmin) with a servo flange for Wolong WPM or INVT DA200 motors. Ratios i = 3, 5, 10, 25 cover the full feed-rate range. Long rack-and-pinion gantry axes use a planetary gearbox with a preloaded drive pinion.

  • Backlash ≤ 3–8 arcmin (precision / high-precision class)
  • Servo flange for standard motor frame sizes
  • Torsional stiffness ≥ 14 N·m/arcmin
  • Compatible with module m = 2–5 racks
  • Service life ≥ 20,000 h at rated load

Gear motors for part-feeding conveyors

Boneng K (helical-bevel) and HB (industrial bevel-helical) series drive part-feeding conveyors, discharge lines and intermediate buffers around the robot. SF ≥ 1.3 because the duty is continuous S1 in automated operation. They are usually paired with a VFD to match conveyor speed to the robot cycle.

  • K-series (helical-bevel) or HB-series (horizontal industrial)
  • Service factor ≥ 1.3 for S1 duty
  • Compatible with INVT/Inovance VFDs for speed control
  • Optional encoder on the high-speed shaft for robot synchronization
  • IP55 protection

Drives for indexing tables and rotary platforms

Indexing tables and welding positioners use Boneng W/K worm or helical-bevel gear motors, either self-locking (worm pair) or fitted with an additional holding brake. Position accuracy is delivered by a separate mechanical system (Hirth coupling, index pins); the gear motor handles only the transition between positions.

  • Self-locking (worm pair) or integrated brake
  • Ratio 30–80
  • Low vibration at stop
  • Encoder-compatible for position feedback
  • Rigid mounting for vertical load from the table

Gear motors for AGV platforms and linear carts

Compact Boneng HB gear motors and drive wheel units for AGV/AMR with up to 2 t payload. The all-in-one design combines a 24–48 V DC servo motor, a planetary gear stage and a rubber wheel. The ratio is matched to a top speed of 1.2–2.0 m/s.

  • Compact drive wheel unit (motor + gearbox + wheel)
  • Ratio matched to 1.2–2.0 m/s travel speed
  • Low noise (≤ 65 dBA for night-shift logistics)
  • Sealed gear housing against dust and coolant ingress
  • 15,000–20,000 h service life before overhaul
03

Axis and emergency-stop brakes

In robotics the brake is not a separate heavy unit as on a crane, but a compact electromagnetic disk built into the rear of the servo motor. It acts as a holding brake rather than an active stopping brake: the servo drive decelerates the axis, while the brake only locks the position when power is removed, on a fault, or between cycles. Critical axes (gravity-loaded vertical joints, heavy palletizers) use a dual brake system with external emergency brakes per ISO 10218-1.

Holding brakes for vertical manipulator axes

A fail-safe electromagnetic disk brake (spring-applied, electrically released) is integrated into Wolong WPM/WGM and Inovance MS1 servo motors. When power or the enable signal is lost, the spring presses the friction pads onto the disk within 20–30 ms, holding the robot arm against gravity. Brake torque has a 2× margin over the axis holding torque.

  • Spring-applied (fail-safe per DIN VDE 0580)
  • Brake torque ≥ 2× motor rated torque
  • Engagement time on power loss ≤ 30 ms
  • Service life ≥ 5 million engagement cycles
  • 24 V DC ± 10% coil supply

Emergency brakes for palletizers and heavy manipulators

Palletizers and 200–800 kg manipulators carry a dual brake system: an internal motor brake plus an external electromagnetic disk brake on the gearbox input shaft. Both engage simultaneously on emergency stop (E-Stop, guard door opening, torque overrun). Stop category per ISO 13849-1 is Cat 1 (controlled stop) or Cat 0 (immediate de-energization).

  • Dual brake system (internal + external)
  • ISO 13849-1 stop category 0 or 1
  • Compatible with the drive STO signal
  • Engagement time ≤ 50 ms on the redundant brake
  • SIL2/PLd functional safety certification

Regenerative braking modules and drive resistors

When a servo motor decelerates, the kinetic energy of the moving mass is fed back into the drive DC bus. Without dissipation, DC-bus voltage exceeds the threshold and the drive trips on overvoltage. The solution is an external braking resistor (for moderate cycles) or a regenerative module returning energy to the mains (for intensive pick-and-place machines and palletizers). Both variants are supplied by Inovance and INVT.

  • Dissipation power sized from the duty cycle (peak and average)
  • PWM-rated braking resistor with thermal protection
  • Regenerative module with EMC filter for mains feedback
  • Drive-compatible interface (shared DC bus)
  • DC-bus overvoltage protection

Brakes for AGV/AMR platforms

Mobile platforms use electromagnetic brakes integrated into the drive wheel unit. They engage when the enable signal drops, when an emergency-stop sensor triggers (bumper, safety laser scanner), or when the battery falls below a critical level. Heavy-payload platforms also carry a parking brake with mechanical lockout for long stops.

  • Fail-safe engagement on power loss
  • Trigger from a safety laser scanner signal
  • Brake redundancy across multiple wheels
  • IP65 protection against shop-floor dust
  • Compatible with AMR control stacks (ROS / VDA 5050)
04

Couplings in robotic cells

Inside a robot joint there are no couplings in the classical sense — the servo motor mates to the gearbox through a rigid flange. Around the cell, however, couplings are everywhere: on feed conveyors, indexing tables, gantry-axis ball screws and auxiliary drives. Key requirements are compensation of axial, angular and radial misalignment after installation, minimum backlash for precision applications, and tolerance to frequent reversals.

Bellows couplings for precision gantry axes

Ball-screw drives in linear modules and gantry portals use Yongjing bellows couplings with zero backlash and high torsional stiffness. They link the servo motor shaft to the ball-screw. The thin-wall bellows compensates 0.1–0.3 mm / 1–2° of radial and angular misalignment while transmitting torque without loss of positioning accuracy.

  • Zero backlash
  • Torsional stiffness ≥ 5,000 N·m/rad
  • Axial misalignment compensation 0.3–0.8 mm
  • Balanced for speeds > 3,000 rpm
  • Clamp hub with split shaft for fast mounting

Pin-and-bush flexible couplings for feed conveyors

Feed conveyors, discharge lines and rewind spindle drives use classic Jiaohua YOXp / Yongjing LX pin-and-bush flexible couplings. They damp start-up shock loads and compensate 0.2–0.8 mm of misalignment. They are compatible with standard Boneng K / HB gear motors.

  • Torque 5–125 kN·m
  • Radial misalignment compensation 0.2–0.8 mm
  • Elastomer life ≥ 20,000 h
  • Bush replacement without removing the machine
  • Compatible with standard IEC flanges

Jaw-disk couplings for indexing tables

Indexing tables that rotate to fixed positions (90°/180°/index slots) use jaw-disk couplings that absorb misalignment between the gear motor and the table shaft. They transmit high torque during short start/reverse cycles and need no lubrication over their service life.

  • Torque 50–2,000 N·m
  • Angular misalignment compensation up to 1°
  • Lubrication-free polymer elements (PU / Hytrel)
  • Low inertia for fast acceleration and braking
  • Encoder-ready hub on one half

Diaphragm couplings for ball-screw drives

Long ball-screw drives (2–6 m stroke) use diaphragm couplings with a stack of thin steel disks. They transmit high torque at minimum backlash and absorb misalignment from screw thermal expansion. Typical applications are laser-cutting gantry axes and assembly-line linear portals.

  • Zero backlash, high torsional stiffness
  • Axial compensation for screw thermal growth (up to 1 mm)
  • High rotational speed (up to 8,000 rpm)
  • Steel diaphragm life ≥ 50,000 h
  • G2.5 balancing for smooth rotation
SDS solutions
Equipment for the industry24
Image credits: Auledas (CC BY 4.0) · KUKA Roboter GmbH, Bachmann (Public domain) · Killgore1138 (CC0) · Marta Veverica (CC BY-SA 4.0) · Rsparks3 (CC0)
Gallery
WOLONG OLI
INOVANCE EASY-PLC
INVT DA180A
BONENG BE
HUALI 1AL
YONGJING GICL
JIAOHUA COX
LONGXUAN GIICL